Berkala Ilmiah Pendidikan

Assessing Students' Problem-Solving Skills in Heat Learning: Preliminary Validation of a Five-Stage Physics Assessment Instrument

Ardian Fachreza — 2026-08-25

Conventional physics assessments often emphasize final numerical answers and therefore provide limited information about where students' reasoning breaks down during problem solving. This study developed and preliminarily validated a process-oriented assessment instrument for heat learning. A quantitative preliminary instrument-validation design was used. Four contextual essay problems were decomposed into five stages focusing on the problem, describing the physics, planning the solution, executing the plan, and evaluating the answer yielding 20 scored sub-items using a 0–4 analytic rubric. Five experts evaluated content validity using I-CVI, S-CVI/Ave, and S-CVI/UA, followed by an empirical trial with 30 Grade 12 students. Empirical analyses included corrected item-total correlations, Cronbach's alpha, item difficulty, and item discrimination. The instrument obtained S-CVI/Ave = 0.960 and S-CVI/UA = 0.800, with I-CVI values ranging from 0.80 to 1.00. Corrected item-total correlations ranged from 0.605 to 0.909, Cronbach's alpha was 0.975, difficulty indices ranged from 0.583 to 0.750, and discrimination indices ranged from 0.406 to 0.750. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the instrument can support stage-specific diagnosis of students' problem-solving performance in heat learning. Larger-sample validation and inter-rater reliability studies are still required.

The Influence of Principal Servant Leadership on Teacher Motivation in Developing 21st Century Learning: A Case Study at SMK Muhammadiyah Jatibarang, Indramayu

Zaenal Masduki — 2026-09-15

Social changes in education in the 21st century encourage school principals to act as servant leaders who foster teacher motivation. However, leadership practices in vocational high schools (SMK) still tend to be administrative and fail to empower teachers to innovate. This study aims to (1) describe the implementation of servant leadership by the principal, (2) analyze the level of teacher motivation in developing 21st-century learning, and (3) test the effect of servant leadership on teacher motivation at SMK Muhammadiyah Jatibarang, Indramayu. The study used a mixed-methods explanatory sequential design with 35 teachers as the quantitative sample (saturated sampling), and the principal, purposively selected through extreme-case and maximum-variation sampling, as qualitative informants. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and linear regression, while qualitative data were analyzed using the Miles, Huberman, and Saldaña model. The results showed that servant leadership (84.4 % of the ideal score) and teacher motivation (81.2% of the ideal score) were in the very high category. Servant leadership had a significant positive effect on teacher motivation (Y = 41.527 + 1.037X; r = 0.782; R² = 0.612; t = 7.212; p < 0.05), confirming the qualitative findings that empowerment, professional support, and moral role models were the main mechanisms. This research contributes to the expansion of servant leadership theory and self-determination theory in the context of Islamic value-based vocational education. It offers a strategic leadership model for vocational school principals to encourage motivation and innovation in 21st-century learning.

Science-Integrated Munakahat Learning as Sex Education for High School Students

Nurhayati Zein — 2026-09-20

This study examines the integration of science into munakahat learning as a strategy to enhance sex education among adolescents in Indonesia. Using a mixed-method approach with an Embedded Concurrent Mixed Method design, data were collected from students in Grade XI and XII at MAN 3 Pekanbaru and SMAN 12 Pekanbaru through questionnaires, tests, and semi-structured interviews. The findings reveal that students in the experimental class, exposed to science-integrated munakahat learning, demonstrated significantly higher understanding of sex education (81%) compared to the control class (79%). Additionally, the experimental class achieved better learning outcomes (average score of 60 vs. 52). Despite challenges such as network issues and limited interaction during online learning, the integration of science and religious teachings proved effective in fostering moral values and preventing risky behaviors. The study concludes that science-integrated munakahat learning provides a comprehensive approach to sex education, equipping students with knowledge about reproductive health, sexual behavior, and human development while strengthening their faith. Recommendations include adopting hybrid learning methods and involving government institutions to promote broader societal acceptance of sex education.

Systems and Contingency in the Development of Islamic Educational Institutions (A Case Study of Pesantren Nurul Huda Sukaraja, OKU Timur, South Sumatra)

Faham Syah — 2026-09-20

This study aims to analyze the application of systems theory and contingency theory in the development of Islamic educational institutions, focusing on Pesantren Nurul Huda Sukaraja, OKU Timur, South Sumatra. As traditional Islamic institutions, pesantren face challenges of modernization, globalization, and digitalization that demand adaptive governance. This research employs a qualitative approach with an intrinsic case study design, using participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation analysis, with data processed through Miles & Huberman’s model. The findings reveal that Pesantren Nurul Huda Sukaraja maintains internal stability through curriculum integration, collective leadership, Islamic organizational culture, and strong social networks, while externally adapting through digital learning, regulatory adjustments, and responsiveness to community needs. The discussion emphasizes that integrating systems and contingency theories produces a development model that is both stable and adaptive. The conclusion suggests that pesantren can serve as a model of Islamic education relevant to the challenges of the 21st century, while recommendations highlight the need to strengthen governance based on systems and contingency approaches so that other pesantren in Indonesia can face the modernization of Islamic education.

Harmony of Movement and Culture: An Ende-Lio Dance-Based Physical Education Learning Strategy in Elementary Schools

Aschari Senjahari Rawe — 2026-09-20

This study aimed to explore and describe an Ende-Lio dance-based physical education learning strategy and to understand students’ learning experiences through the integration of movement and local culture. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design conducted at Mokeasa Public Elementary School, Ende Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, from February to April 2026. The participants consisted of 30 fifth-grade students, with the physical education teacher serving as the key informant. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, and were analyzed thematically using ATLAS.ti. The analysis generated four main themes: increased student engagement, learning through imitation and repetition, interaction and cooperation, and more engaging and contextual learning. These themes indicate that Ende-Lio traditional dance can serve as a learning strategy that simultaneously integrates motor, social, and cultural learning experiences. Demonstration, imitation, repetition, and group practice encouraged student engagement, communication, cooperation, and understanding of local culture. The study concludes that Ende-Lio traditional dance has potential as a contextual and meaningful physical education learning strategy. Further research is recommended to examine its implementation across broader school contexts and educational levels to strengthen culturally based physical education practices.

Potential Application of ESD-Oriented STEAM in Ecosystem Material

Sugiharto — 2026-09-22

This study aims to analyze the potential for implementing Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics (STEAM) learning oriented toward Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) on ecosystem topics in elementary schools. Although this integrated approach offers a framework for contextual and sustainability-focused education, its implementation faces significant challenges regarding teacher readiness, student engagement, and the adequacy of instructional planning. To address this, a descriptive quantitative approach with a survey design supported by document analysis was employed. The participants comprised 20 elementary school teachers from the Pattimura Teacher Working Group and 20 fifth-grade students from SD Negeri 02 Api-Api, Pekalongan Regency. Data were collected via teacher and student questionnaires, alongside instructional module documentation, and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings revealed that teachers' understanding of STEAM and ESD was relatively adequate (73% and 72%, respectively), alongside teaching practices (74%), student engagement (79%), and reflection/evaluation (78%). However, document analysis of instructional modules revealed a critical gap: while STEAM-supporting methods were incorporated, activities for active student engagement were not optimal, and the explicit integration of ESD principles into instructional planning was largely absent. Consequently, while the potential for STEAM-oriented ESD is considerable, it requires systematic strengthening of instructional materials and the explicit integration of sustainability principles to be effectively realized.

Reimagining Islamic Human Resource Management: Integrating Islamic Work Ethics, Human Capital Development, and Organizational Sustainability

Kartika Dyah Nurwiani — 2026-09-22

Islamic Human Resource Management (IHRM) has increasingly attracted scholarly attention as organizations seek practices that integrate ethical values, employee development, organizational capability, and long-term sustainability. However, existing research remains fragmented, with Islamic Work Ethics (IWE), human capital development, organizational capability, and organizational sustainability generally examined as separate streams rather than interconnected components of an integrated IHRM architecture. This study systematically synthesizes literature on IHRM and IWE to identify mechanisms through which Islamic ethical orientation contributes to human capital, capability, and sustainability. Following the PRISMA 2020 reporting framework, a systematic literature review with an integrative qualitative synthesis was conducted across Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Emerald, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. The review documented 360 identified records, from which 25 core peer-reviewed articles published between 2020 and 2026 were selected and thematically analyzed. Findings indicate that IWE functions not merely as a normative principle but as an ethical-behavioral mechanism associated with motivation, commitment, psychological resources, moral identity, organizational identification, knowledge sharing, and ethical behavior. The synthesis identifies a multistage relationship where IHRM provides the context, IWE shapes psychological and behavioral resources, and knowledge-sharing processes facilitate human capital mobilization. Organizational capability converts these resources into collective organizational value, while organizational sustainability constitutes the long-term outcome. Consequently, the study develops an integrative theoretical framework connecting previously fragmented ethical, human capital, capability, and sustainability perspectives. While serving as a theoretical architecture rather than an empirically validated causal model, it provides a foundation for future longitudinal, multilevel, comparative, and mixed-method research.