Responsive Parenting and Friendship Quality in Adolescents: Interpersonal Communication Skills as a Mediator
Abstract
Existing knowledge indicates that responsive parenting significantly influences the quality of friendships among adolescents. However, previous research has not fully elucidated the dynamics within the relationship between responsive parenting and friendship quality. This study seeks to investigate the role of interpersonal communication skills as a mediator in relationships between responsive parenting and friendship quality. It involved 150 respondents aged 12-20 years (Mage = 16.87; SD = 2.51), comprising 50 early adolescents, 50 middle adolescents, and 50 late adolescents. Measurement of the three variables utilized scales: the Parental Responsiveness Scale subscale, the Interpersonal Communication Scale, and the McGill Friendship Questionnaires-Friend's Functions. Hypothesis testing using mediation analysis reveals that interpersonal communication skills mediate the relationship between father/mother's responsive parenting and friendship quality. These findings suggest that positive interactions between parents and adolescents through responsive parenting serve as models for adolescents in their peer relationships by enhancing interpersonal communication skills. The limitations and directions for further research are discussed.
Downloads
References
Bakalım, O., & Taşdelen Karçkay, A. (2016). Friendship Quality and Psychological Well-Being: The Mediating Role of Perceived Social Support. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2016.04.001
Baker, C. E., Kainz, K. L., & Reynolds, E. R. (2018). Family poverty, family processes and shildren’s preschool achievement: Understanding the unique role of rathers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(4), 1242–1251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0947-6
Bandura, A. (2018). Toward a psychology of human agency: Pathways and reflections. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(2), 130–136. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617699280
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
Baumgardner, M., & Boyatzis, C. J. (2018). The role of parental psychological control and warmth in college students’ relational aggression and friendship. Emerging Adulthood, 6(1), 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167696817712809
Bauminger, N., Finzi-Dottan, R., Chason, S., & Har-Even, D. (2008). Intimacy in adolescent friendship: The roles of attachment, coherence, and self-disclosure. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 25(3), 409–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407508090866
Berndt, T. J., & Perry, T. B. (1986). Children’s perceptions of friendships as supportive relationships. Developmental Psychology, 22(5), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.5.640
Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: Retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4).
Bukowski, W. M., Hoza, B., & Boivin, M. (1994). Measuring friendship quality during pre- and early adolescence: The development and psychometric properties of the friendship qualities scale. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(3), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407594113011
Carlo, G., Mcginley, M., Hayes, R., Batenhorst, C., & Wilkinson, J. (2007). The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development Parenting Styles or Practices? Parenting, Sympathy , and Prosocial Behaviors Among Adolescents. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168(2)(November 2013), 147–176.
Cholappallil, D., Joseph, V., & Mello, L. D. (2021). Interpersonal communication competence and quality of friendship among young adults. International Research Journal of Modernization in Engineering Technology and Science, 3(3), 2023–2026.
Corsano, P., Musetti, A., Caricati, L., & Magnani, B. (2017). Keeping secrets from friends: Exploring the effects of friendship quality, loneliness and self-esteem on secrecy. Journal of Adolescence, 58, 24–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.010
Fehr, B. (1996). Friendship processes. Sage.
Gafoor, A., & Kurukkan, A. (2014). Construction and Validation of Scale of Parenting Style. Guru Journal of Behavioral and Social Sciences, 2(4), 315–323.
Gazda, G. M. (1989). Group counseling: A developmental approach (4th ed.). Allyn and Bacon.
Grau, M. G., Maestro, M. las H., & Bowles, H. R. (2021). Engaged and Gender for Men, Families Fatherhood and Gender Equality (H. K. School, Ed.; Issue September, p. 323). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-75645-1
Hall, S., & Melia, Y. (2023). What is known about the role of friendship in adolescent self-harm? A review and thematic synthesis. Child & Youth Care Forum, 52(2), 285–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10566-022-09686-w
Hargie, O. (2021). Skilled interpersonal communication: Research, theory and practice. Routledge.
Hidayati, F., Sa’diyah, E. H., & Melinda, V. A. (2023). Interpersonal communication model on parenting with adolescent. Journal An-Nafs: Kajian Penelitian Psikologi, 8(1), 37–48. https://doi.org/10.33367/psi.v8i1.3021
Ilyas, H., Sriyanah, N., Efendi, S., & Suras, A. A. (2022). The relationship between mother’s communication skills and social-personal development of preschool-age children. Proceedings of the International Conference on Nursing and Health Sciences, 3(2), 317–326. https://doi.org/10.37287/picnhs.v3i2.1376
International Test Commission. (2017). The ITC Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests (Second edition). www.intestcom.org
Kadam, J. R., Patil, V. G., Dhenge, S. A., & Murai, A. M. (2018). Communication skills and personality development. Scientific Publishers.
Khaidir, A., Afif, M., & Hazim, H. (2023). Interpersonal communication between parents and children with bullying behavior in students. Guidena, 13(3), 517–526.
Kim, H., Parker, J. G., & Walker Marciano, A. R. (2017). Interplay of self-esteem, emotion regulation, and parenting in young adolescents’ friendship jealousy. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 52, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.06.007
Leibowitz, U. D. (2018). What is friendship? Disputatio, 10(49), 97–117. https://doi.org/10.2478/disp-2018-0008
Li, A., Sun, L., & Fan, S. Q. (2023). Fathers’ presence and adolescents’ interpersonal relationship quality: Moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(April), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1117273
Liu, L., Zhang, T., & Han, L. (2023). Positive self-disclosure on social network sites and adolescents’ friendship auality: The mediating role of positive feedback and the moderating role of social anxiety. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043444
Lodder, G. M. A., Scholte, R. H. J., Goossens, L., & Verhagen, M. (2017). Loneliness in early adolescence: Friendship quantity, friendship quality, and dyadic processes. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 46(5), 709–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2015.1070352
Mahirah, A. H., & Muttaqin, D. (2022). How empathy styles mediate the relationship between responsive parenting and adolescent friendship quality? Psychological Research on Urban Society, 5(2), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.7454/proust.v5i2.154
Martin, M. M. (1994). Development of a Measure of Interpersonal Communication Competence. Communication Research Reports, 11(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/08824099409359938
Mendelson, M. J., & Aboud, F. E. (1999). Measuring friendship quality in late adolescents and young adults: McGill friendship questionnaires. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 31(2), 130–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0087080
Milkie, M. A., & Wray, D. (2023). Beyond mothers’ time in childcare: Worlds of care and connection in the early life course. Time & Society, 32(4), 385–410. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X231203574
Öztürk, N., & Sumbas, E. (2023). How do adolescent friendships end and how do adolescents experience and interpret this development? Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 31(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.1243309
Pang, H. (2018). WeChat use is significantly correlated with college students’ quality of friendships but not with perceived well-being. Heliyon, 4(11), e00967. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00967
Papaleontiou - Louca, E., & Al Omari, O. (2020). The (Neglected) role of the father in children’s mental health. New Ideas in Psychology, 59(October 2019), 100782–100782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2020.100782
Parker, J. G., & Asher, S. R. (1993). Friendship and friendship quality in middle childhood: Links with peer group acceptance and feelings of loneliness and social dissatisfaction. Developmental Psychology, 29(4), 611–621. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.29.4.611
Paulson, S. E. (1994). Relations of parenting style and parental Involvement with ninth-grade students’ achievement. Journal of Early Adolescence, 14(2), 251–266.
Quoidbach, J., Taquet, M., Desseilles, M., de Montjoye, Y. A., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Happiness and Social Behavior. Psychological Science, 30(8), 1111–1122. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797619849666
Raboteg-Saric, Z., & Sakic, M. (2014). Relations of parenting styles and friendship quality to self-esteem, life satisfaction and happiness in adolescents. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 9(3), 749–765. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-013-9268-0
Santrock, J. W. (2018). Life-span dvelopment (17th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Schwartz-Mette, R. A., Shankman, J., Dueweke, A. R., Borowski, S., & Rose, A. J. (2020). Relations of friendship experiences with depressive symptoms and loneliness in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 146(8), 664–700. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000239
Shadur, J. M., & Hussong, A. M. (2014). Friendship intimacy, close friend drug use, and self-medication in adolescence. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 31(8), 997–1018. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407513516889
Slicker, E. K., Picklesimer, B. K., Guzak, A. K., & Fuller, D. K. (2005). The relationship of parenting style to older adolescent life-skills development in the United States. Young, 13(3), 227–245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1103308805054211
Smith, R. L. (2015). Adolescents’ emotional engagement in friends’ problems and joys: Associations of empathetic distress and empathetic joy with friendship quality, depression, and anxiety. Journal of Adolescence, 45, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.020
Sobel, M. E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13(1982), 290–290. https://doi.org/10.2307/270723
Soekoto, Z. A., Muttaqin, D., & Tondok, M. S. (2020). Kualitas pertemanan dan agresi Relasional Pada Remaja di Kota Surabaya. Jurnal Psikologi, 16(2), 188. https://doi.org/10.24014/jp.v16i2.9684
Solomon, D., & Theiss, J. (2022). Interpersonal communication: Putting theory into practice. Routledge.
Tjandra, W., Muttaqin, D., & Tondok, M. S. (2021). Pengasuhan responsif ayah dan kualitas pertemanan remaja. Jurnal Psikologi Integratif, 8(2), 92. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpsi.v8i2.1911
Venta, A., Walker, J., Bailey, C., Long, T., Mercado, A., & Colunga-Rodríguez, C. (2022). The importance of attachment to fathers in Latinx mental health. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 39(5), 1508–1528. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211059444
Waqar, S., Tabassum, P. D. R., & Shaheen, Dr. G. (2022). Perception of teachers and mothers about impact of father absence and presence on the truancy behavior of secondary school students. International Research Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 3(2), 55–64. https://doi.org/10.53575/irjmss.v3.2.5(22)55-64
Yücel, E., & Dincer, D. (2024). Transformative power of friendships: Examining the relationships among friendship quality, self‐change, and well‐being. Personal Relationships, pere.12536. https://doi.org/10.1111/pere.12536
Zhang, Y. B., Harwood, J., Piercy, C., Liu, N., & Ruble, R. (2023). Accommodation, social attraction, and intergroup attitudes on social media: The effects of outgroup self-presentation and ingroup accommodation. Language Sciences, 99, 101563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.langsci.2023.101563
Zhao, J., Zhao, H., & Zhou, A. (2023). Negative Parenting Styles and Psychological Crisis in Adolescents: Testing a Moderated Mediating Model of School Connectedness and Self-Esteem. Behavioral Sciences, 13(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13110929
Zuckerman, I., Laufer, I., & Mizrahi, D. (2023). Attachment style, emotional feedback, and neural processing: Investigating the influence of attachment on the P200 and P400 components of event-related potentials. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17(August), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1249978
Copyright (c) 2024 Aaliya Hana Mahirah, Marselius Sampe Tondok
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1) Authors retain copyright and grant the journal the right to first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution that allows the sharing of articles published with the acknowledgement of authorship and the initial publication in this magazine.
2) The authors are authorized to make additional contracts separately for distribution of the version of the work published in this journal (for example, publication in an institutional repository or as a chapter of the book), as long as there is recognition of authorship and initial publication in this journal.
3) Authors are authorized and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (for example, in institutional repositories or on their personal pages) at any time before or during the editorial process, as it increases the impact and reference of the published work.
